A body of ideas or information clothed in the jargon and outward appearance of science that seeks to win acceptance but that was not created with the systematic rigor or standards required of the scientific method is referred to as

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?