Prior to the eighteenth century, English law prohibited counsel from appearing in any felony criminal cases unless the court, in its discretion, permitted counsel to appear.

d.) continue to rise rapidly

what is the answer

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.