In which of the following situations do the federal courts not have jurisdiction?

a. citizens of different states
b. laws related to aviation
c. the laws, treaties, and constitution of the united states
d. laws related to the sea or shipping

The correct option is C. The laws, treaties, and Constitution of the United States

One of the characteristic features of the American judicial system is the duality of jurisdictions, understood as not the division into jurisdictional orders by subject, but in terms of the complete organic system. On the one hand, there is federal jurisdiction and, on the other, the different state jurisdictions, which means that in each state unit two different organic systems coexist. The powers of the federal courts reach both civil actions for damages and other concepts, as criminal, subject to federal law. Article III has resulted in a complete set of relationships between state and federal courts. Normally, federal courts do not hear cases that have to do with the laws of a state. However, some cases for which federal courts have jurisdiction may also be followed and decided by state courts.

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