What does "r& d" mean? research and design. reading and development. reading and design. research and development.?

What is the role of institutions in society - do they perform positive functions, or simply work in the interests of the powerful and against the powerless? (a related question here is why do our life chances vary by class, gender and ethnicity)

How does specialization enable countries to trade with one another? a country can make and sell goods affordably and buy goods that it is inefficient at making. a country can make what it chooses and sell its goods to other countries. a country can decide to buy everything it needs from other countries. a country can efficiently make goods that were once difficult to make.

Where do most people in arabia and iraq live? a. in the fertile crescent b. in the rub, al-khali c. in cities d. in and around mecca