What instigated modernization and industrialization in japan?
a-japan’s leaders sent observers to find modern industrial techniques.
b-japan was colonized by great britain and introduced to modern industrial techniques.
c-japan colonized china, which introduced it to modern industrial techniques.
d-modernization and industrialization occurred in japan by chance and circumstance.

The correct answer is D) Modernization and industrialization occurred in Japan by chance and circumstance.

Modernization and industrialization occurred in Japan by chance and circumstance when Matthew Perry, an American United States Navy officer arrived in Japan in 1853 to demand Japanese leaders to open its ports to foreign trade. Perry carried weapons and technology vastly superior that the Japanese’s. This situation made Japanese leaders to pose the question of fall behind world powers or to start a transformation that changes the life of Japan. Then Japanese Emperor Meji started the renovation of Japan in 1868 that ended in important industrial, economic, political, and social changes.  

question - in 1827, john walker, a druggist in a small english town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. the druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. it is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. although walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. it could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. in a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. the match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. it would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. this was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar. according the paragraph what was the benefit of the new phosphorus match? it burst into flame when rubbed on sandpaper. it was made by mixing chemicals. it could be ignited on any dry surface. it threw fire in all directions.

answer - matches required natural chemicals