Which event directly lead to the collapse of European economies?

Which of these was not a key difference between northern and southern states at the constitutional convention? wanting to protect states’ interests vs. a government with strict rules having more, larger cities vs. having fewer, smaller cities wanting to protect agriculture vs. protect industries having many enslaved people vs. using less enslaved labor

In the context of c. h. cooley's theory of groups, identify each attribute as either belonging to a primary group or a secondary group.

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?