1. the physical characteristics and the human characteristics that define and differentiate regions
2.the causes and effects of the development of constitutional monarchy in england with those of the development of absolute monarchy in france, spain, and russia
3.how ideas from the middle ages and renaissance led to the scientific revolution

1)

Physical features: The coastal regions of Spain are more populated than the interior regions. People are more likely to live in areas where natural resources are plentiful and the climate is mild, such as along the coast. Mountainous areas and deserts attract fewer inhabitants. Physical geography impacts where people choose to live, how cultures develop and interact, and even political boundaries.

Human characteristics: Political maps show national boundaries and cities. But these political boundaries tend to follow national and linguistic lines (language people speak). Human geography is the study of people and the places they live and how societies are organized

3) During the Middle Ages in Europe, the emphasis in life was not on the individual, but a group- the Church was the most important thing. People viewed the natural world around them simply as the work of God, and were taught by their feudal lords and church leaders that the most important thing in life is to know your place in that world and to fulfill your duties. In that way, you would secure your place in heaven. Life was really all about the next world, not this one. There was little to be gained through innovation. Gradually, with the spread of the Renaissance, the most important thinkers of the time began to see that the individual could make discoveries, even those that went against tradition. Marco Polo wrote about mysterious things he saw in China, Christopher Columbus discovered two new huge landmasses, and Martin Luther questioned tradition in the most respected field of knowledge at the time, religion. During this same time, the Church was unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for significant natural disasters like the Great Famine and Black Death. Europeans began to observe the natural world around them more closely and tried to think of explanations for why things were the way they were. Because the Renaissance had brought with it the rediscovery of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, most of the Renaissance thinkers were following the writings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. Likewise, Renaissance thinkers were influenced by the Islamic scholars that kept learning alive during the so-called Dark Ages of Europe. Scientists began to realize that they needed to test out their ideas and perform experiments to see if they were correct. The Scientific Revolution would be a result of this shift from simply thinking about how something should work according to logic, to coming up with an idea and then testing it out with experiments and measurement. There were risks to approaching science in a new way. The Church, whose prestige had been hurt by the Crusades and Papal Schisms, and whose authority was being questioned by the Protestant Reformers, did not want scientists questioning things that had previously been explained by the Church.

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