Technological breakthroughs have enabled people to communicate, trade, and travel much more freely; the resultant erosion of what were once more impermeable national boundaries
is known as

The  ancient egyptians  who  built the pyramids  may have been  able  to move massive stone blocks across the desert by wetting the sand in front of a contraption  built  to pull the heavy objects

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada