How do you think the social and political hierarchies may have created unrest in France in the late 1700s?

There were large difference between two upper estates (clergy and nobility) and the third estate (bourgeoise). Third estate had to pay all the taxes, practically had not political authority and could not participate in the process of decision making. Therefore, it was just a matter of time when the third estate will defy the established system.

Explanation:

This large differences at the end led to Revolution. King and two estates didn't understand the needs of third estate. They imposed larger taxes, didn't allow them to speak out and at the end they started rebelling. Old, feudal hierarchy couldn't exist anymore.

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.