“Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in
Congress assembled. ... The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship
with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and
general welfare."

Articles of Confederation, 1777

According to the excerpt above and the events of Shays' Rebellion, what problem was
created by the Articles of Confederation?

A. the federal government had too much power over the states

B. the federal government and states divided power equally

C. both the federal government and state governments were left powerless

D. individual states were given too much power