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More than anyplace else in this country, New York City is where people have fought each other to decide who is an American and just what that means. Sometimes these fights have been violent ;sometimes they have been ugly. But all of them ended up advancing the ideas of human liberty. Battles over slavery, religious freedom, free speech, independence, immigration, women’s equality, the rights of working people to organize and strike, civil rights, gay rights, and many more all took place right here in New York. Almost from the moment the city was founded, New Yorkers—and before them, New Amsterdamers—have debated just what their place was here, who should be allowed to join them, and what we could all aspire to. The city has changed in many ways over the years, but if you look around today, you can see that many of these fights took place.
No fight was as extended or as costly as the American Revolution in New York. It began with the greatest armed invasion in the history of North America and became the largest battle of the war. It inflicted terrible suffering on the city. In the wake of the battle, one third of New York burned to the ground. More American soldiers died in makeshift British prisons in New York than perished in all the battles of the Revolution put together, and the civilians in the city often suffered almost as terribly. At the end of the war, the very last bit of America freed from British rule was the tip of Manhattan Island. It was a fight for freedom, but not always as we might imagine it. Thousands of New Yorkers actually
fought for the British during the war—including many African Americans. They had been promised their freedom from slavery if they fought for the crown, and they fought very well indeed. “Colonel Tye’s” Black Brigade consisted of some of the most-feared guerrilla raiders of the war, operating throughout Staten Island and New Jersey. More African Americans ended up fighting for the rebel side than for the British, but only because Britain’s success in recruiting black troops made the rebels decide to let black men enlist as well. It was a war that all took part in. Although few women were allowed to enlist, they provided invaluable services to the Revolution by helping to supply the Continental Army and to run its camps. In New York, they also served as spies, helping to uncover Benedict Arnold’s treason and to warn George Washington of the British army’s movements. And in the end, many New Yorkers paid a steep price for taking part on one side or the other, losing their homes and their livelihoods—some because they were driven from their native city because of their loyalty to the king, others because they chose to resettle in England, Africa, or Canada, never to return. The Revolution in New York is a great adventure story, and you will enjoy following it through Barnet Schecter’s splendid history, The Battle of New York, and the other source materials. But if you wish, you don’t have to travel very far to see where all these events took place. You can go to the site the Old Stone House in Park Slope, where Marylanders fought almost to the last man to save their fellow rebels.

1. What's the Central Idea 1

2. What's the Central Idea 2

3. What's the Central Idea 3

To sum up points 1–3, I think that this text is mostly about...