How can a candidate win the popular vote and lose the election?

There have been five United States presidential elections in which the successful presidential candidate did not receive a plurality of the popular vote, including the 1824 election, which was the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded. In these cases the successful candidate secured less of the national popular vote than another candidate who received more votes, either a majority, more than half the vote, or a plurality of the vote.

In the U.S. presidential election system, instead of the nationwide popular vote determining the outcome of the election, the president of the United States is determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College. Alternatively, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, the election is determined by the House of Representatives. These procedures are governed by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It is important to note that the U.S. Constitution does not require states to even hold a popular vote. The legislature of a state could assign electors without regard to the popular vote or if no popular vote was conducted.

When American voters cast ballots in a general presidential election, they are choosing electors and telling them which candidate they think their state’s electors should support. The "national popular vote" is the sum of all the votes cast in the general election, nationwide. The presidential elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive the most votes in the general election. Additionally, the presidential election of 1860 gave Lincoln a clear Electoral College victory, although he received only 40% of the popular vote (a plurality but not a majority of the total votes cast).

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