*. 1st Sub-Question: Suppose we try to exert ourselves to "transcend" a sort of "precariousness" of the circumstances by giving higher priority to (2) over (1). Would this mode of moral thinking be considered as Kantian or Utilitarian? Why?

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

It seems that you forgot the premise or the context of the question. However, doing some research we can say the following.

This mode of moral thinking could be considered as Kantian because in the Kantian model of moral says that things are good or bad, depending on how and if we accomplish our mission, not on the end result.

So in this case, we give higher priority to our "inherent" drive (stemming from our desires as well as obligations) to make the correct decision or the one that has good intentions. This priority will be over the severe nature of human states of affairs, in which humans fall under and are subject to the inside restrictions.

German philosopher, Emmanuel Kant called this the Categorical Imperative, as part of his studies on ethics.

hygrometers and hair thermometers (often found as part of hygrometers/psychrometers) can be used to measure humidity. barometers are used to measure atmospheric pressure, while anemometers are used to measure wind speed. so the 2nd and 4th choices should be the correct answers.