AAptitudes can be discouraged with a. a system of rewards and punishments. c. praise for the ability.
b. negative reinforcement. d. recognition by peers.

Negative reinforcement.

Explanation:

Negative reinforcement refers to unwanted stimulus that is given to individuals every time they fail to do a desired behavior. This can be used to make a person stray away from a certain aptitude.

For example,

Let's say a kid has the aptitude to play a piano. That kid can spend countless hours in front of the piano without realizing it. This type of aptitude can be discouraged if the parents yelled at him every time they heard him play a piano. The yelling serve as a negative reinforcement that make the kid correlate the piano with negative emotions.

explanation:

with the profits from the european sales, merchants purchased europe's manufactured  goods, including tools and weapons. then the merchants shipped those manufactured  goods, along with the  american  sugar and rum, to west africa where they were bartered for  slaves.