General form of the gravity model that economists typically estimate is given by: upper t subscript ij baseline equals upper a times startfraction upper y subscript i superscript a baseline times upper y subscript j superscript b over upper d subscript ij superscript c endfraction . Empirical studies have found that the values of the exponents: 'a', 'b', and 'c' are very close to

a, b, and c are close to +1

Explanation:

The gravity model is characterized as the model of international trade which helps in predicting the flow of bilateral trade on the basis of economic sizes, as well as, the distance between two units. The empirical studies have lately discovered that the values of the exponents in the formulae while determining the 'volume of trade from country i to country j' would be close to +1.'

facts: the 14th amendment

the 14th amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

the 14th amendment was intended to protect the rights of former slaves after the american civil war.

the 14th amendment was approved by congress in june of 1866 and ratified by the states on july 9, 1868.

the 14th amendment establishes that all persons born in the united states are citizens and are guaranteed all the rights of citizenship.

the 14th amendment establishes that the law protects all citizens equally.

in this case the passage of the 14th amendment   that was violated was the last part in which it states that there is equal protection of the law.

answer; can each be concretely realized in different ways;