“In the past, many [Muslim] rulers have had the following practices regarding the training of military slaves (ghulam): after young male slaves had been bought for government service, they would be given gradual advancement in rank, according to their length of service, education, skill, and general merit. Thus, after a ghulam had been bought, he would serve on foot as an assistant to a cavalryman for one year. After that, he would be given a horse and trained to ride for three more years. By his fourth year, he would receive a quiver of arrows and a bow case and would start training to shoot and fight. With each passing year of loyal service, his rank and honors would be increased, as would his responsibilities. He would become a troop leader and, finally, when he turned 35 years of age and assuming he had served the ruler honorably in every respect, he would be appointed governor of a province or would become a minister. Unfortunately, this system has not been followed by rulers lately.” Nizam al-Mulk, senior adviser to the sultan of the Muslim Seljuq Empire, The Book of Government, treatise composed circa 1092 a) Identify ONE claim made in the passage. b) Identify ONE way in which the passage illustrates the development of states in the Islamic world in the period before 1450.

ONE claim made in the passage is the system that was used in the past to train military slaves is no longer in use.

The narrator talks about how effective the system was as it gave the ghoulams an opportunity to prove themselves and increase their rank.

ONE way in which the passage illustrates the development of states in the Islamic world in the period before 1450 is by showing that the effective system was not always adhered to and is now no longer in use.

A claim is a statement of fact that is made by a person and is usually backed up by supporting details.

To make an illustration is the use of visually enhanced images to represent a thing or data.

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a) One claim that this passage makes is that military slaves had the chance to improve themselves and rise through the ranks of the military as long as they remained disciplined and loyal. According to the text, they would be carefully trained for years, eventually being able to become governors and ministers.

b) According to the passage, states in the Islamic world before 1450 developed by following a system that rewarded loyal slaves. However, we also learn that this system was not always followed by rulers, especially in the years before 1092.

there are conflicting perceptions. what cannot be denied is that despite a long history of discrimination, they finally chose to bow out in grace and handed over power to the majority. it was a painful experience for them to part with their prerogatives and some chose to leave the country. however, they did decide to bite the bullet and go through the process with minimum obstructions.

presently, whites are still a force to reckon with. they are well educated, have technical and business expertise, they understand imperatives of good governance and are responsible for keeping south africa connected with developed countries. despite a bitter history, they are useful team members of the south african team.