Which of the following best describes the role of a sphere metaphor in representing the relationships among the core critical thinking skills?(a) A sphere depicts a linear sequence as if the critical thinking skills fired in a particular order.(b) A sphere reminds us that each critical thinking skill can be applied to results of any other skill.(c) The sphere suggests that we can model human reasoning based on how computers solve problems.(d) The sphere reminds us that we cannot see or correct any reasoning mistakes we might be making.

The defendant, angered because a rival gang member had twice beaten him up after school, obtained a heavy lead pipe and waited in a deserted alleyway which he knew the rival took as a route home every day after school. when his enemy came walking down the alley, the defendant leapt out behind him and smashed the pipe into the victim's head, knocking him to the ground. the defendant then rolled the victim over and pounded his face with 15 to 20 heavy blows with the lead pipe, killing him. the jurisdiction defines first degree murder as murder committed with premeditation and deliberation. all other murders are defined as second degree murders. why will the defendant be convicted of first degree murder (as opposed to second degree murder)?