Betty endured abuse throughout most of her 30+ years of marriage. During that time, she became less resistive to the attacks and more submissive. A term Lenore Walker used to describe this state is:

Learned helplessness.

Explanation:

Learned helplessness happens when a person faces a negative, unmanageable circumstance on an ongoing basis and avoids attempting to improve their contexts even though they are able to do so. Learned helplessness usually described as a loss of self-esteem, reduced motivation and commitment, incompetent determination, and disappointment. It is more common among individuals who have endured frequent tragic experiences such as abuse experienced in childhood or interpersonal violence.

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.