At the level of Kohlberg's moral development theory, behaviors are guided by self-interest to obey the rules in order to avoid punishment.

Pre-conventional

Explanation:

Lawrence Kohlberg holds a prominent place for his theory on moral development which stresses that cognitive growth contributes to moral development. The pre-conventional level is the first among the three levels, proposed by him. Each level is further categorized into two sub-stages. The main motivation at the pre-conventional level is to avoid punishment. Children at this point begin to understand that they can escape punishment if they obey the rules. Rewards and possible punishments determine the decision of the children.

i think it is the third one.

the following men who did not in the unification of italy were.

a) giuseppe mazzini

c) alexander ll

the other two men were camilo cavour and giuseppe garibaldi they the unification of italy by yielding territories in the italian unification. in 1861 italy was declared a united-nation state under the sardinian king victor immanuel ll.