Julie believes that if she smiles, the whole world would smile with her. Her belief is based on the concept of .

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families. her decision was motivated by her sister melinda’s experience of spousal abuse. when jane meets with her supervisor to review cases, he points out that jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands. she believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse. what critical thinking pitfall do jane’s reactions show?

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.

Hegyes was driving her car when it was negligently struck by a unjian enterprises truck. she was injured, and an implant was placed in her body to counteract the injuries. she sued unjian, and the case was settled. two years later hegyes became pregnant. the growing fetus pressed against the implant, making it necessary for her doctor to deliver the child 51 days prematurely by cesarean section. because of its premature birth, the child had a breathing handicap. suit was brought against unjian enterprises for the harm sustained by the child. was the defendant liable?