Modern mathematical systems spread outward from India via conquest migration religious missionaries. trade routes. The answer is trade routes

trade routes

Explanation:

Idia was very influential in the distribution of modern mathematics, in addition to the proliferation of decimal systems and the creation of the number zero. This proliferation of these discoveries was caused mainly by trade routes, which were one of the main pillars of the country's economy. These rots allowed the exchange of mathematical concepts between traders who ended up adopting them and using them in different places.

answer; by working independently, the states have a high likelihood of developing innovative solutions that can be employed in other states;