Most everyone will be sorry to see Professor Carmichael retire at the end of this academic year. Abel, on the other hand, has told people "It's about time that crusty old geezer retired. He's way too old to still be in the classroom." This is an example of .

Hate speech

Explanation: Abel's remark about professor Carmichael is an example of an HATE SPEECH as it highlights a statement aimed at belittling or bad-mouthing the highly respected professor which is evident in the manner in which most people spoke highly of him. However, Abel's notion could be described as violent and discriminatory. Hate speeches are usually targeted at people who belong to a different social class, group, race, religion, or gender to the perpetrator of such speeches.

it depends on which society you are referring to. many civilization performed rituals so the gods would with their growing season but the most well known is that of the aztecs. they would make sacrifices, usually animals, but sometimes humans as well.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.