The idea of is based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct inferences about a private, personal value system (Peng, Nisbett,

Reference Group Effect

Explanation:

The idea of the reference group effect to be based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct inferences about a private, personal value system

was revealed by Peng, K., Nisbett, R. E., Wong, N. Y. C. (1997) in their article "Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions. Psychological Methods, 2(4), 329-344"

The Reference-group effects are found to occur when there are reponses to self-report issues which are not related to the respondents' absolute level of construct. It is usually on their level that is relative to a salient comparison group.

the answer is a quran

male citizens in athens could vote on all the decisions that affected the city and serve on juries. however, democracy was not open to everyone. citizen women and children were not allowed to vote. slaves and foreigners living in athens (known as metics) were banned from participating in government.