Match each example with the type of disclaimer. 1. "This doesn't really matter, but ..." hedging 2. "Don't misunderstand me; I do like him ..." appeal for suspension of judgment 3. "Excuse me for interrupting ..." credentialing 4. "I know you already know this, but ..." cognitive disclaimer 5. "Hear me out before you decide ..." sin license

Sin license - "This doesn't really matter, but ..."

The "sin license" is used when the speaker of a message knows that the person who will hear the message will not react well, but the speaker still transmits the message.

Cognitive - "I know you already know this, but ..."

It is used when the speaker of a message shows that he has no control over the facts and circumstances that are involved in the message. In this case, the speaker does not want to lose control of the message bearer, recognizes his fallha and continues to transmit the message.

Appeal for suspension of judgment - "Hear me out before you decide ..."

In this case, the speaker of the message acknowledges that whoever is listening to the message may have a bad reaction, but asks whoever is listening to listen to the message until the end before reacting to it.

Credentialing - "Don't misunderstand me; I do like him ..."

In this case, the speaker recognizes that the message can cause a negative reaction and for this reason, establishes a milder complement that will soften the message transmitted.

Hedging - "Excuse me for interrupting ..."

In this case, the speaker is experimenting with an argument, but is totally open to arguments contrary or complementary to his.

answer:

d. because dr. laguardia selected a widely used measure, his study generalizes to has strong external validity. external validity has limited external validity. other applications of this measure.

the widely used measure that he applied to his experiment was the benton facial recognition test. it employed on to football players and as result, only players who suffered brain concussions did not pas this test. and although it has an external validity, it is limited because it isn't general to apply to other population.