Suppose you walk past your friend Chris’s house. Standing in front of the house is someone, and you yell your friend’s name: ‘Hi, Chris!’. Then you look more closely, and you see it’s not Chris at all, but another friend, who does not resemble Chris at all.
1. This error can be traced to .a. bottom-up processing;b. parallel processing;c. top-down processing.

1. This error can be traced to c. top-down processing.

Explanation:

When our brain uses top-down processing, it uses information, ideas and concepts that we already know as a starting point. From that point, the brain works down to more detailed information, taking in more sensory stimuli. This type of processing results from our expectations, beliefs, and even the context influencing our perceptions. That is precisely what happens in the situation described. Notice that your brain was influenced by the fact that you were walking by Chris's house. Because of that, it immediately jumped to the conclusion that the person you saw was Chris. Only a moment later did your brain take in more specific information from your senses (sensory stimuli), realizing then that the person was not Chris at all.

answer; the negotiator was not in full control of his or her actions and hence should not be held responsible;