Before there were nations in South America what was the political divisions

city states

Explanation:

City-state, a political system consisting of an independent city having sovereignty over contiguous territory and serving as a centre and leader of political, economic, and cultural life.

You can drink laxative, or  do this exercise when you are sitting in the bathroom on the toilet. to relieve  constipation  fast or in about 1 minute, pinch your nose after your usual exhalation. start holding your breath. but do not mouth breath during this just hold your breath.