Luis has lived in a poor neighborhood since childhood, where violence and unemployment are high. There is heavy police presence near his home, mostly by officers who do not live in his community. Similarly, most of the teachers at his school live in other neighborhoods. Many of the authority figures in Luis' environment are suspicious of him and the other young men in his community and often accuse Luis and his friends of violating the rules. After many years of these conditions, Luis comes to believe that he has a propensity for deviance and crime and expects this of himself and his peers. Luis has developed:.