Recall that Berkowitz and LePage (1967) asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performance needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. The results showed that

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Recall that Berkowitz and LePage (1967) asked pairs of men to work on a series of problems. The men were instructed to deliver shocks to their partners when their performance needed improvement. Some participants were induced to experience anger during the task, whereas others were not. In addition, some participants saw neutral objects next to the machine, some participants saw a gun next to the machine, and some saw no objects. The results showed that

a. the presence of guns had no effect on aggression, regardless of participants’ anger levels.  

b. participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

c. angry participants were more aggressive in the no-object and neutral-object conditions than they were in the gun condition.

d. participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions, regardless of their anger levels.

b. participants in the gun condition were more aggressive than those in the no-object and neutral-object conditions only if they were angry.

Explanation:

In the study developed by Leonard Berkowitz and Anthony LePage in 1967, the electric shocks meant to measure aggression, and the participants who saw a gun next to the machine were more aggressive than those who saw other items.

The research concluded that there was a “weapons effect”, meaning that aggression may increase only by the proximity of weapons.

mali had been a state inside of the ghanaian empire. after ghana fell because of invading forces and internal disputes, mali rose to greatness under the leadership of a legendary king named sundiata, the "lion king." the songhai empire, already weakened by internal political struggles, went into decline.