Which model of bureaucracy states that bureaucrats are specialists who attempt to resolve problems through logical reasoning and data analysis instead of instinct and guesswork, and that individual advancement is based on merit, rather than political connections?

Suppose that sociologists and cultural anthropologists are tying to measure the amount of child abuse for cross cultural comparison. they run into disagreement over whether spanking a child is abuse or discipline. what problem are they encountering in their research? a. reliability of the definition of abuse. b. validity of the definition of abuse. c. occam's razor about the definition of abuse. d. none of these.