Ralph has a confederate cut in front of a person who is second or ninth in line at a grocery store checkout counter. He then records the number of verbal responses towards the confederate as a measure of aggression. The manipulation employed in this study is an example of a manipulation

Staged

Explanation:

Ralph has a confederate cut in front of a person who is second or ninth in line at a grocery store checkout counter. His intention to records the number of verbal responses towards the confederate as a measure of aggression is an example of staged manipulation.

Staged manipulation is an act where occurrence is staged in an experiment so as to be able to manipulate the independent variable successfully.

the answer to your question is,

d. when a child was born.

-mabel < 3

answer; ecological fallacy;