The textbook defines as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group. A. social norms B. implicit personality theory C. the self-serving bias D. stereotype

D)Stereotype

Explanation:

A stereotype in social psychology is an over-generalized assumption regarding a certain group of people. It is an assumption people may have about each person in a specific group.

A stereotype is an erroneous concept or perception that certain people have about someone or a group based on how they look outside, which may be false or only partially valid.

The textbook defines stereotype as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all of a specific social group/members. The use of stereotypes is a major way of simplifying our social world; as they reduce the amount of processing that we have to do when we meet the right individual.

Option D => stereotype.

Explanation:

There is a popular saying that says that one should not judge a book by its cover. Sometimes in life we tend to expect more or less from others because we think or believe or we do not believe something about them.

Just like it is given in the question above, STEREOTYPE "often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group". This is because the qualities you may think that a group has or may not have might be wrong.

answer: ‘no one should be discriminated against because he or she is not from a minority group’

because—> affirmative action means ‘a policy or program that provides opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups to them overcome the effects of discrimination’

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.