Lewin distinguished between explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.

Aristotle; Galileo.

Lewin distinguished between ARISTOTLE'S explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories.

GALILEO explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.

Aristotle defines a nature as "a source or cause of being moved and of being at rest in that to which it belongs primarily"

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.