Expectancy theory advocates that: a) workers should be given challenging, creative tasks so that they push themselves harder to perform better. b) employees will continue to perform only if they believe that their efforts are recognized. c) employees should be punished if they consistently perform poorly. d) workers will not be motivated if their reward is lower than the rewards of other workers for the same amount of work.

b) employees will continue to perform only if they believe that their efforts are recognized.

Explanation:

Expectancy theory emphasizes that an individual is more likely to behave  certain way or perform one's duties when their actions will be give a desirable outcome.

Expectancy theory is when an individual is motivated to carry out a certain duty as a result of what they expect or think  that duty to result into, for instance a reward.

For example, the motivation to work in a particular organisation can be dependent on what is the perceived relationship between work performance and anticipated outcomes. So a worker can be motivated to a duty because the worker anticipates a salary and bonus for performing that duty

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question - in 1827, john walker, a druggist in a small english town, tipped a splint with sulphur, chlorate of potash, and sulphid of antimony, and rubbed it on sandpaper, and it burst into flame. the druggist had discovered the first friction-chemical match, the kind we use to-day. it is called friction-chemical because it is made by mixing certain chemicals together and rubbing them. although walker's match did not require the bottle of acid, nevertheless it was not a good one. it could be lighted only by hard rubbing, and it sputtered and threw fire in all directions. in a few years, however, phosphorus was substituted on the tip for antimony, and the change worked wonders. the match could now be lighted with very little rubbing, and it was no longer necessary to have sandpaper upon which to rub it. it would ignite when rubbed on any dry surface, and there was no longer any sputtering. this was the phosphorus match, the match with which we are so familiar. according the paragraph what was the benefit of the new phosphorus match? it burst into flame when rubbed on sandpaper. it was made by mixing chemicals. it could be ignited on any dry surface. it threw fire in all directions.

answer - matches required natural chemicals