Please help, the timeline I was provided does not give me any good info that assists me in trying to answer this.
In 1938, B. F. Skinner conducted experiments focusing on how behavior related to positive and negative consequences. How did Edward Thorndike pave the way for Skinner’s work and the study of behaviorism?

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

Ifound the exercise on the internet. attached is the list mentioned above.in order for a compound to be considered optically active it can't have any axis or plan of symmetry. the molecule  shouldn't also  be superimposable on its mirror image.with such considerations, the compounds that are optically active are: -third compound on the first image is optically active; -second and third compound from the second image are optically actives.

Both types of rubrics