Alan is a bright young man who scored very high on both the critical reading and mathematics sections of the SAT. He is an excellent map reader and his reasoning abilities are fantastic. According to Charles Spearman, intelligence is likely underlying these abilities.

The General intelligence factor

Explanation: According to Charles Spearman the general intelligence factor or g factor is the base from which all other intellectual abilities arises or are formed from. It is the presence of a wide mental limit that impacts execution on psychological capacity measures. Alan's general intelligence factor is quite high which is responsible for all this abilities he possess.

- "sack of constantinople, (april 1204). the diversion of the fourth crusade from the holy land to attack, capture, and pillage the byzantine city of constantinople divided and dissipated the efforts of the christians to maintain the war against the muslims. the fourth crusade was corrupted from its purpose early on."

- "the crusades were a series of religious wars undertaken by the latin church. the first crusade arose after a call to arms in 1095 sermons by pope urban ii. the first crusade unleashed a wave of impassioned, pious catholic fury, which was of constantinople, the capital of the christian-controlled byzantine empire."

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i am pretty sure it is d.