Caleb is driving a car in which Dotty is a passenger when an accident occurs. Caleb and Dotty are emotionally rattled, but neither is physically hurt. Caleb is not liable to Dotty on a negligence theory because:

dona was not injured

Explanation:

Caleb is not responsible for Donna's injuries. The negligence doctrine is that plaintiffs receive damages for negligence caused by others. Donna was not physically injured; She can sue if there is a physical injury, but emotional trauma is not an injury in pure injury.

answer; analytical,creative and practical;

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.