4.What programs are the most effective in preventing delinquency—those that aim at juvenile delinquency, or those that involve children and their families (regardless of delinquency status)?

The most effective methods for the prevention of juvenile delinquency are education, community involvement, recreation, and interaction and child training program.

Explanation:

It is best to include a child as soon as possible in any of these programs to prevent criminal action as quickly as possible. Such early work proved to be most effective. In essence, early intervention "not only saves young lives from dissipation" but also prevents the beginning of adult criminal careers and reduces the likelihood of young people becoming serious and violent offenders. This approach is also good for the entire community as it reduces the potential crime rate.

answer; john stuart mill's principle of utility is your answer; /// good luck

i think it is the third one.