Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. In this case, Miguel's hangover acted as .

punishment for drinking red wine.

Explanation:

Punishment refers to the word used in operant conditioning to apply to any adjustment that happens following an activity that decreases the probability that the activity will recur in the future. In other words, it emphasizes on the elimination or avoidance of undesirable behavior. As per the question,  Miguel refuses to drink any red wine because of the hangover she has experienced and this experience served as punishment for her.

no, dan should reduce his discretionary spending. not long-term goals involve more planning than short-term goals do