If you have a smartphone, it has parts and subassemblies that come from all over the world, including Mexico, Israel, Belgium, Hungary, Singapore, South Korea, and China. The demand for these devices fuels the need for the parts and subassemblies. This describes

Global commodity chain

Explanation:

Global commodity chain refers to a process where firms gather details, Information and transform them to goods that would be sold to consumers. This process connects various production and distribution centres in producing a particular commodity which is now sold at the global market. An example is iPhone that has it's production in both China and America, another example is car companies where most of their engines might be produced by GM motors and other parts from other production centres.

classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.

d. the polar jet stream   lies between the polar easterlies and trade winds should be your answer