are theoretical explanations of perception that focus on the physical stimulus being perceived, whereas focus on how prior experience and schemas affect the interpretation of the incoming stimuli.

Bottom-up theories ; top-down theories

Explanation: People, groups and organizations use different approach or methods in problem solving and information processing.

The Bottom-up theory involves putting information, perception or physical stimulus or events from the environment together to form a complex structure which could be used to explain or understand a certain concept.

Top-down theories however, involves the breakdown or decomposition of a complex structure in other to gain an insight into the pattern, relying on prior experience or foundational knowledge to derive patterns.

a: social security and social programs

in 342 bc j._c. egypt fell into the hands of the persians, under the reign of nectanebo ii

greek city-states unite in a revolt against the persian empire at the beginning of the fifth century bc. j.-c  

from the year 660 or 659 bc ad, cyrus preached the revolt against the medes to deliver the persians.