Ashley is taking a class on Piaget and as part of an assignment, has to interview children. She gives 7-year-old Andrew a bag of red and blue candies. They discuss how the candies are made of chocolate. Andrew counts the candies-7 red and 14 blue. Ashley asks, "Are there more blue candies or chocolate candies?" Andrew looks at her and laughs: "Of course there are more chocolate candies-they are all made of chocolate." This demonstrates that Andrew understands the concept of ___.

Awaiver of the requirement for documentation of informed consent may be granted when: the investigator has no convenient place to store signed consent forms separate from the research datathe only record linking the subject and the research is the consent document and the principal risk is a breach of confidentiality.potential subjects might find some of the research questions embarrassing, personal, or intrusivethe subjects are literate in their own language; however, they do not read, write, or speak english