A ten-year-old client is getting frequently disciplined in school for disrupting the class with his belligerent attitude toward the teacher. His behavior also results in receiving attention and having some of his peers perceive him as being a leader. The payoff of additional attention and admiration by peers may be identified as .

secondary gains.  

Explanation:

A ten-year-old client is getting frequently disciplined in school for disrupting the class with his belligerent attitude toward the teacher. His behavior also results in receiving attention and having some of his peers perceive him as being a leader. The payoff of additional attention and admiration by peers may be identified as secondary gains.  Secondary gains in this context is the additional, unintended benefit/admiration the 10 years old gets as a result of his bad behavior and belligerent attitude towards his teachers

the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair. science and reason could bring happiness and progress. kings did not rule by divine right. they had an obligation to their subjects. europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. americans put them into practice first.