Dunlosky and colleagues (2013) evaluated the overall usefulness of popular study techniques: highlighting, rereading, summarizing, and visual imagery mnemonics. Which utility assessment rating did these techniques receive?

Low utility assessment

Explanation: Techniques: highlighting, rereading, summarizing, and visual imagery mnemonics received a low utility assessment for numerous reasons.

Summarization and imagery use for

text learning have been shown to help some students on some criterion tasks, yet the conditions under which these techniques

produce benefits are limited, and much research is still needed to fully explore their overall effectiveness.

The keyword mnemonic

is difficult to implement in some contexts, and it appears to benefit students for a limited number of materials and for short retention intervals.

Most students report rereading and highlighting, yet these techniques do not consistently boost students’

performance, so other techniques should be used in their place (e.g, practice testing instead of rereading).

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)