Owens et al. (2011) manipulated texting while driving conditions (i. e., driving with no texting, driving while texting on a personal phone, driving while texting using an in-vehicle texting system) to see if this influenced visual and steering behaviors of drivers. Participants completed the task by texting the researcher on a closed course. In this design, the texting condition served as the .

Ecological validity

Explanation:

Ecological validity is define as the way in which the findings of a research study are able to be generalized to real life settings.

Owens et al. (2011) manipulating texting while driving conditions (i.e., driving with no texting, driving while texting on a personal phone, driving while texting using an in-vehicle texting system) to see if this influenced visual and steering behaviors of drivers. Participants completed the task by texting the researcher on a closed course. The testing conditions serves as the ecological validity in which the researchers use his finding to generalize it to a real life setting thereby using it to predict the behaviour of the participants in real world settings.

answer; (d) none of the above;