Pavio (1971) proposed the ___, which states that words that denote concrete objects, as opposed to abstract words, can be encoded into memory twice: once in terms of their verbal attributes (words) and once in terms of their imaginal attributes (pictures).

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada