Thing A has properties P 1, P 2, P 3, plus the property P 4. Thing B has properties P 1, P 2, and P 3. Therefore, thing B probably has property P 4" is a pattern of reasoning known as

Analogical argument

Explanation:

This  is  the  situation where  by  we  argue  that  because  two  things  are  similar, therefore  what  is  true  of  the  one  is  definitely  true  of  the  other.

To conclude or argue that because thing A has properties P 1, P 2, P 3, and P 4,  and thing B also has properties P 1, P 2, and P 3, definitely thing B has P4. This is a very wrong notion.

classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.

~kinetic ~potential

explanation:

kinetic and potential energies would be types of mechanical energies.