When a researcher manipulates a variable to see what effect the manipulation has on a study participant’s behavior, the research design involves .

independent variable

Explanation:

An independent variable is used by the researcher to manipulate it and manipulation in the independent variable can bring changes in the experimental variable. The experimental variable is the result of the experimental manipulation.

In the present study the independent variable can be manipulated to observe its effect on the participant's behavior which is the experimental variable.

the first two-party system consisted of the federalist party, who supported the ratification of the constitution, and the democratic-republican party or the anti-administration party (anti-federalists), who opposed the powerful central government, among others, that the constitution established when it took effect in