Which statement BEST describes the effect the Crusades had on Muslim peoples?

a polarisation of the East and West based on religious differences.

the specific application of religious goals to warfare in the Levant, Iberian peninsula, and Baltic region, in particular.

the increased role and prestige of the popes and the Catholic Church in secular affairs.

the souring of relations between the West and the Byzantine Empire leading, ultimately, to the latter’s destruction.

an increase in the power of the royal houses of Europe.

a stronger collective cultural identity in Europe.

an increase in xenophobia and intolerance between Christians and Muslims, and between Christians and Jews, heretics and pagans.

an increase in international trade and exchange of ideas and technology.

an increase in the power of such Italian states as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.

the appropriation of many Christian relics to Europe.

the use of a religious historical precedent to justify colonialism, warfare and terrorism.

From: ancient.eu

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

a) they had recently endured the tyranny of the british king, parliament, and its royal