Every time Harriet cried, her mother would immediately pick her up. Now Harriet is a real crybaby. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Harriet, being picked up acted as:

Positive reinforcement

Explanation:

Positive reinforcement is the reinforcement in operant conditioning. Positive reinforcement is something about adding in stimulus so that the subject repeats the behavior. When the behavior repeated it will strengthen the behavior. The best idea to remember about positive reinforcement to think about adding something. By this process, you can remember or you can identify the positive reinforcement in the real situation. Positive reinforcement occurs quite naturally.

Harriet being picked up is the example of positive reinforcement.  

the answer would be in this answer. someone already asked the question.  

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)