A(n) reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a sweater when you're cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probabilitythat a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

The correct answer is negative

Explanation: Negative reinforcement is a term described by BF Skinner operant conditioning theory. In negative reinforcement, a response or behavior is reinforced by stopping, removing or avoiding a negative result or aversive stimulus.

Aversive stimuli tend to involve some kind of discomfort, whether physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to avoid aversive stimuli completely before they happen.

q1: artillery

q2: simon bolivar

q3:   their workers and farmers demanded a return to spanish rule.

q4: drafted new constitutions

q5: oligarchies have replaced monarchies